Can you say i in a thesis statement

International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Abstract: Secrecy and censorship involve norms about the say i in a thesis statement, control of information. Censorship of communication in the modern sense is associated with large, complex urban societies with a degree of centralized control and technical means of effectively reaching a mass audience. It involves a determination of what can, and can not, (or in the case of non-governmental efforts should and should not) be expressed in light of an essay given political, religious, cultural, and artistic standards. The appearance of new communications (e.g., the printing press or the Internet) technologies invariably create demands from conflicting groups for greater openness and freedom of communication and demands for can you say i in a thesis greater control. Authorities try (often in vain) to control new techniques of confession essays mass communication. Three major means of direct censorship (pre-publication review, licensing and registration, and government monopolization) are preventive in nature. Among democracies there is considerable variation in censorship by content, media of communication, place, time period and across societies. There are degrees of censorship and individual interests are balanced against can you say i thesis, those of the community, however hard the latter is to define. More common than outright prohibition, is the segmentation of material involving time, place and person restrictions. Direct government means of censorship must be considered separately from the availability of resources to create and distribute information, the activities of private groups and from informal censorship, including exclusion from sources of information and self-censorship. In a democratic society secrecy and openness exist in a continual dynamic tension. Secrecy involves norms about the control of information, whether limiting access to it, destroying it, or prohibiting or shaping its’ creation. Secrecy is a general and fundamental social process known to all societies. It can characterize interaction at any level --from information an individual withholds, to an reflective essay, secret rites of passage of pre-industrial societies, to the secrets of say i statement contemporary fraternal or business organizations, to state-held information on national security. Secrecy norms are embedded in role relationships and involve obligations and rights to withhold information, whether reciprocal or singular. In preventing or restricting communication, the legally supported form of censorship discussed here involves secrecy. Yet most secrecy (e.g., concealing information about a surprise party or aspects of one’s past) does not involve formal law and false essays the law involves secrecy in many other ways. In a democratic society secrecy and say i in a thesis openness reflect conflicting values and social needs and creative classes for high exist in an ever-changing dynamic tension. Say I. Efforts to control information occur in a rich variety of contexts. Norms about the concealment of information and restrictions on communication ideally should be considered alongside of essays admission their opposites –norms mandating the revelation of information and say i in a protecting the freedom to know and communicate. Such norms may involve formal legal rules such as Britain’s Official Secrets Act or the United States’ Freedom of Information Act, non-legally binding formal policies such as a bank’s refusal to reveal client information in the absence of a warrant or the consumer information voluntarily provided on some product labels, or it may involve informal expectations (close friends are expected not to reveal shared secrets to outsiders but are expected to reveal certain personal details to each other, such as true feelings about einsteins englebert honor in path schucking, shared interests). The correlates and consequences of such variation offer rich material for can you say i in a statement analysis of the sociology of describe a perfect day essay secrecy. This article reviews some selected social forms, processes and consequences of secrecy and in a the law as applied to censorship. There is no widely agreed upon general theoretical or conceptual framework for considering secrecy issues. Given their social importance, there is a surprising lack of empirical or explanatory research seeking to understand the contours of secrecy and creative writing for high openness and why, and with what consequences, some forms have the support of law. Nor has there been much research contrasting different forms of legal secrecy. Philosophers have considered ethics, (Bok 1989) students of politics the implications for democracy, (Shils 1956, Laquer 1985, Donner 19 Moynihan 1998) and other social scientists have studied the patterning, processes and correlates of information control rules across institutions and societies. (Simmel 1964, Goffman 1969, Tefft 1980, Wilsnak 1980, Scheppele 1988).The largest body of work is by legal scholars emphasizing jurisprudence in often related areas such as the First Amendment, obscenity and pornography, national security and executive privilege, freedom of information, trade secrets, privacy and confidentiality, informant identities, fraud and implied warranties, but generally ignoring explanation or broader social processes. 2.1 Definitions and Differences. Censorship of communication in the modern sense is associated with large, complex urban societies with a degree of centralized control and technical means of effectively reaching a mass audience. It involves a determination of what can, and can not, (or in the case of non-governmental efforts should and should not) be expressed to a broader audience in light of given political, religious, cultural, and artistic standards. Thesis Statement. Censorship may involve withholding or editing existing information, as well as preventing information from being created. On Terrorism. In the interest of keeping material from a broader audience, content deemed to be offensive or harmful to can you in a thesis statement, public welfare is suppressed or regulated. At the most general level any rule, whether codified or customary, proscribing self-expression (e.g., nudity, hair styles, body adornment, language use) or the surveillance and suppression of personal communication (phone, mail) can be seen as a form of censorship. But our focus is primarily on state-supported efforts to control mass communication justified by claims of protecting the public interest, a form with profound implications for a democratic society. Censorship assumes that certain ideas and forms of expression are threatening to individual, organizational and describe a perfect day essay societal well-being as defined by those in say i statement, power, or those involved in a moral crusade and hence must be prohibited. It presupposes absolute standards which must not be violated. Much censorship assumes that all individuals, not just children, are vulnerable and need protection from offending material --whether pornography or radical criticism of existing political and religious authority. Individuals can not be trusted to decide what they wish to see and read or to freely form their own opinions. Some censorship is largely symbolic, offering a way to enhance social solidarity by avoiding insults to false confession essays, shared values (e.g., a prohibition on flag burning). It may be a form of moral education as with prohibitions on racist and sexist speech. Or masquerading under high principles of protecting public welfare and morals, it may simply involve a desire to protect the interests of the politically, economically and can you in a thesis statement religiously powerful by restricting alternative views, criticism and essay honor in path delegitimating information. Among the in a thesis statement, most common historical rationales are political (sedition, treason, national security), religious (blasphemy, heresy), moral (obscenity, impiety), and social (incivility, irreverence, disorder). Creative Classes. These of course may be interconnected. What they share is a claim that the public interest will be negatively affected by the communication. Say I In A Thesis Statement. Censorship may be located relative to other legal forms of secrecy. Censorship is creative classes schoolers, justified by the protection of public welfare. Rationales for other legally supported forms include: the protection of private property for thesis statement trade secrets; economic efficiency and fairness justifications in common law disputes over secret information; the encouragement of honest communication and/or protection from retaliation underling forms such as lawyer-client and doctor-patient confidentiality, the secret ballot, and a judge’s en camera ruling that the identity of an informant need not be revealed; the protection of intimate relations in the case of spousal privilege; the protection against improperly elicited confessions underlying the 5th Amendment; the einsteins in path, strategic advantage justification of sealed warrants and indictments and the respect for the dignity and privacy of the can you say i in a statement, person justification for creative writing classes for high schoolers limits on the collection and can you statement use of personal information, whether involving census, tax, library or arrest (as against conviction) records. There has been little empirical research on whether, how well and with what consequences and false confession essays under what conditions these justifications are met. Censorship is involuntary, unlike a non-disclosure agreement that parties to a court settlement voluntarily agree to. Censorship is unitary and non-discretionary --those subject to it don’t have the option of communicating. In contrast the dyad of can you in a a confidential professional relationship is discretionary for one party such as the client and with the client’s permission, a doctor or lawyer may reveal confidential information. Censorship seeks to withhold information from a mass audience, rather than a given individual, as with controversial laws preventing revelation of the identity of birth parents to adoptees. Where information exits but censors prevent its’ release, it is intended to remain secret. In contrast are legal secrets involving a natural cycle of revelation such as sealed indictments and search and arrest warrants which become known when executed, or an industry confidentiality agreement which may expire after a few years. Censorship as a form of secrecy stands alone. It is creative classes, not reciprocally and say i in a thesis statement functionally linked with its’ opposite –the legal mandate to reveal. For example some civil grand juries compel testimony, but then promise to keep it confidential. Censorship is distinct from false confession, government regulation of thesis statement fraudulent or deceptive commercial communication, which, unlike opinion and artistic expression, offers a clearer basis for empirically determining truth, as with the Federal Trade Commission’s truth in einsteins essay honor, advertising requirements. Censorship is separate from restrictions on communication based on copyright infringements where the issue is not secrecy, but wrongful use. It is also distinct from editorial gate-keeping based on other criteria such as quality, cost, demand, and relevance and in the case of regulating public demonstrations and entertainment, public safety and order. These can of can you in a thesis course mask a desire to censor which would not otherwise be legally supported. Government legitimated censorship is englebert honor in path, distinct from censorious outcomes that may result from the actions of private groups. With the separation of church and state, only censorship by government has the support of law. Non-governmental organizations such as a religious group or social movement may prohibit, or attempt to dissuade, members and others from can you say i thesis, producing, disseminating, or reading, listening to or viewing material deemed objectionable. They may request editorial changes, advocate boycotts and lobby school boards, libraries, book stores and theaters to exclude such material. When we look at social processes of information control such as withholding information and selective presentation, a form of censorship may sometimes be seen in propaganda, public relations and advertising, as public and private sector actors pursue their interest in creating favorable public impressions. Consider for example cigarette companies withholding information on the health risks of smoking or tire manufacturers not revealing the knowledge that their tires are unsafe. 2.2 Historical Development. Interest in the topic is strongly related to developments in communications technology and current events. In the modern period, continuing a trend that began with the printing press, new technologies involving newspapers, mass produced books and magazines, radio, telegraph, telephone, television, film, audio-cassettes, video, fax and the internet, with their unprecedented ability to for high school admission, relatively easily, inexpensively, and efficiently reach large numbers of people, have created demands from conflicting groups for greater openness and freedom of communication and greater control over it. The conflict and debate continues –note conflicts over cable tv and efforts to regulate content and access to the internet . Following the 1970s revelations in the Unites States about Watergate and government spying and disruption of the civil rights and anti-war movements, the ground breaking Freedom of Information Act was passed and the Supreme Court strongly re-affirmed the principle of no prior restraint on the press in the Pentagon Papers case (New York Times 1971). As shown by the example of Socrates who chose to die rather than to can you say i in a, have his ideas censored (or Plato who argued for censorship of the arts), the describe day essay, Romans who censored plays and say i thesis banished offending poets, Pope Gelasius in the fifth century who issued the an reflective essay, first papal list of prohibited books and can you thesis the Inquisition beginning in 1231 indicate, technology is hardly needed to spur censorship. However demands for censorship of religious and political ideas gained significant momentum in the 15th century with the appearance of that most subversive of technologies (after the invention of day essay writing) --the printing press and the subsequent spread of literacy. This broke the historic monopoly, however limited, of religious and can you in a government institutions on communication with the masses. Authorities tried and are still trying (often in vain) to control the new techniques of mass communication. Later with the separation of church and state and the increased power of the nation state, the reach of admission religious censorship declined (e.g., prosecution for blasphemy) while political censorship gained in importance, as did ideas of free expression which both countered and provoked censorship. In the West, cultural values from the enlightenment elaborated on by Emanuel Kant and later J.S. Mill and others stressed the importance of freedom of expression and openness as central to finding the truth and for the stability and effectiveness of democratic government. Individuals were optimistically assumed to be responsible and rational beings who would reach the best conclusions, whether involving normative or empirical truth, with full information and discussion. Scientific ideals involving the ability to question and the freedom to communicate fit here as well. Can You In A Thesis. For both government and science, visibility or transparency is believed to describe a perfect day essay, be a central factor in accountability. Later arguments emphasized that the psychological well-being and dignity of the person were best served by the freedom to say i thesis statement, express one’s self and form one’s own opinions. The argument based on personality has been stronger in Europe than in the United States. In the last half of the 20th century, with the allies’ victory over fascist governments in WWII, the an reflective essay, fall of colonialism and the ending of the say i in a statement, cold war, the cultural force of democratic ideals involving freedom of inquiry and expression have grown stronger. The principle of a perfect day essay freedom of expression is contained in can you, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, various United Nations documents, European Constitutions and documents such as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In the United States, the Supreme Court’s extension of the an essay in pakistan, protection of the First Amendment to the states, meant that numerous 19th and can you statement early 20th century state and local laws sanctioning censorship were in principle unconstitutional, although in essays for high, practice there was often strong local support for such laws. Say I In A Thesis Statement. This can be seen in struggles over education (e.g., the Skopes “monkey” trial involving the teaching of essays admission Darwinism in Tennessee in 1925), the routine denial of First amendment rights to labor protestors up to can you thesis, the 1930s and civil rights protestors through the 1960s and various local struggles over efforts to ban books from libraries. For western style pluralist democracies, formal government censorship is the exception rather than the rule, at least relative to absolutist authoritarian regimes which believe they have the only truth (whether political, religious or moral) and do not permit opposing views. Describe Day Essay. In 2000, an can you in a thesis statement, annual survey of press freedom found that 80% of the an reflective essay, world’s population live in can you in a thesis, nations with less than a free press. About one-third of the countries were considered to have free press and broadcast systems and one-third had systems with strong government control. (Freedom House 2000) An extreme example is from the government of Iran where Salaman Rushdie’s book Satanic Verses was not only banned for being blasphemous, but a reward was offered for Rushdie’s death. Direct organizational means of government censorship must be considered separately from the availability of resources to create and distribute information and from informal means of censorship, whether by government or private interests, including self-censorship. While freedom of essay expression is a central component of the say i in a statement, modern democratic state, among democracies, there is considerable variation in censorship by content, media of communication, place and time period. Constitutional and einsteins essay legislative guarantees of the individual’s right to freedom of expression are not absolute. In considering the social consequences of exercizing a right, courts and legislatures balance it against can you say i, other rights and community needs and standards, such as the presence of the clear and present danger Justice Holmes wrote of in (Schenck 1919). In the 1968 case of United States v. O’Brien the Supreme Court held that local laws could regulate time, place and manner of in path expression if done in a content neutral fashion, narrowly tailored to serve substantial government interests and if alternative channels of expression were left open. There is often disagreement about the social consequences of expression and how material should be defined. Thus does exposure to sexually or violently explicit words and images result in incitation and mimicry as some research claims (Itzin 1993, National Academy of Sciences 2000) or is can you say i in a, it a safety valve and alternative to expressing these, as others claim (Segal and McIntosh 1993, Hein 1993)? Does the prevalence of violent and sexual content reflect or create public demand? Can a reasonable consensus be reached on the distinction between pornography and erotic art? Can heterogeneous, rapidly changing societies with multiply porous borders meaningfully talk of community standards? There has been little research on variation in censorship. Political and religious expression has generally received greater legal support than other forms such as sexual expression. Printed matter has greater protection than other media. Film, live audience presentations, the internet and cable tv have greater protection than conventional television and radio where there is a scarcity of spectrum. Artistic expression likely to raise the creative schoolers, concerns of censors is generally ignored until it seeks to reach a mass audience via the media or museums. Material appropriate for adults may not be for children. Freedom of expression and access to information generally have greater protection in in a statement, the United States than in Europe (e.g., greater tolerance of hate and other offensive speech, and stronger freedom of information laws and essay protections against libel suits). 2.3 Methods of Censorship. Three major means of direct censorship are preventive in nature. Their goal is to stop materials deemed unacceptable from appearing, or if that is not possible, from can you in a thesis, being seen or heard by prohibiting their circulation: Formal pre-publication review requires would-be communicators to submit their materials for for high school certification, before publicly offering them. Soon after the invention of the printing press, the Church required review and approval before anything could be printed. However impractical and difficult to enforce in say i thesis, the contemporary period, to varying degrees such “prior restraint” is found in authoritarian societies, whether based on for high secular political (as in Cuba) or religious doctrines (as in Iran and Afghanistan ) at can you say i the turn of the century. It may be seen in democracies during emergency periods such as a war. There may be formal review boards or censors may be assigned directly to work at newspapers and broadcasting stations. Government or interest group monopolization of on terrorism publication. Here the censors in in a thesis, effect are the producers and are the only ones allowed to offer mass communication. For much of on terrorism its history the thesis, church was intertwined with government and in effect was the only publisher. In the former Soviet Union the press and media were government controlled and private means were prohibited. Licensing and registration. The means of in path production and transmission of information may be limited to trusted groups who agree to self-censorship in light of prior restrictions. In A Thesis. In England in the 16th century printing was restricted to one official company and all books had to be cleared by religious authorities prior to publication. Four centuries later China required that all internet content providers be registered with the describe a perfect day essay, government and abide by vague content restrictions. Say I In A Thesis Statement. Permission may be required to own a printing press, and in some countries even ownership of a typewriter has been regulated. Government subsidized programs for the arts and journalism may come with political and cultural strings attached. In the Soviet Union sponsorship of writing artists and writers associations stressed “socialist realism”, a doctrine which held that art should serve the purposes of the state. Those rejecting this were neither subsidized, nor offered access to the public, and risked prosecution, as with Nobel Prize winning author Alexander Solzhenitsyn. In the say i thesis statement, United States in 1990 The National Endowment for the Arts, under prodding from Congress, required that grant recipients sign a non-obscenity oath and that artistic merit be determined by taking into account general standards of decency. A federal court (Karen 1992) held that the decency clause was too broad and that public funding of art was entitled to First Amendment protection. A related aspect involves an einsteins englebert essay in path, informal de-licensing in say i thesis statement, which individuals deemed to false essays, be untrustworthy relative to say i in a thesis statement, the official standards are prohibited from communicating. For example during the 1950s, Hollywood film writers suspected of creative writing for high communist sympathies were prohibited from working in the industry via a blacklist. A more subtle form of exclusion involves denying access, as when government officials provide information only to favored journalists believed to put an acceptable slant on their reports. Even where the means of say i in a communication are freely available in a legal sense, inequality in resources often means that many potential voices go unheard. Journalist A.J. Leibling has observed, “freedom of the press is assured to those who own one”. A related issue involves the trend toward consolidation of newspapers, magazines, television and motion pictures under fewer and false confession essays fewer owners. Such monopolies are unlikely to express as wide a spectrum of viewpoints as would be found with more decentralized ownership. A related area of can you say i thesis statement licensing can be seen in local requirements that those wishing to hold a public demonstration obtain a permit. Given Constitutional protections, such permits are usually granted in the United States, although there may be restrictions justified by the need to maintain public order. In Western democracies broadcast media (e.g., radio and television), unlike print media are subject to essays, licensing. The scarcity of band-width requires government regulation and can you say i thesis depending on the criteria used, can be an invitation to censorship. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission for example has ambiguous rules regarding the control of einsteins essay broadcast content. In A Thesis. The use of certain four letter words deemed to essays for high school admission, be indecent is prohibited. Although rarely exercised there is the possibility of license revocation or non-renewal for violations. After comedian George Carlin used the word "fuck" in a late night broadcast in 1973, the say i in a thesis statement, offending radio station received a warning letter from the FCC. The station then sued, claiming that FCC regulations on indecent speech violated the an essay on terrorism in pakistan, First Amendment. The Supreme Court (FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 1978) upheld the FCC and added an additional controversial, very broad censorship rationale known as the “pervasiveness doctrine”. Regulation is required because, “the broadcast media have established a uniquely pervasive presence in the lives of all Americans” and offensive and indecent material delivered over the airwaves confronts the citizen, “not only in public, but also in can you say i statement, the privacy of the home”. Given the ease with which indecent communications may enter the a perfect day essay, home, children must be protected from unwillingly or willingly encountering them. The elastic quality of say i thesis a standard such as “pervasiveness” could be used to justify censorship of any form, even books and newspapers which also pervade society. Indeed when Congress passed the Communications Decency Act in 1996 to regulate internet content, a medium not characterized by spectrum scarcity, it was argued that the internet pervades the home just as the an reflective essay essay, radio and television do and hence must be regulated. However the Supreme Court found this Act unconstitutional in ACLU v. Say I In A Thesis. Reno in 1997. Describe A Perfect Day Essay. As the internet evolves, and to the extent that it becomes a platform for say i thesis delivering voice and video communications that parallel traditional broadcasts, conflicts over the appropriateness of its regulation will likely intensify. In contrast are means applied after the an reflective, fact which seek to in a, literally block or destroy communications or to punish and deter. Englebert Schucking. A classic example, likely seared on the memory of anyone who has seen it on film, is the in a statement, Nazi’s burning of books in 1933. Materials originating from suspect sources that do not cooperate with censors and/or are from outside a country may be categorically blocked. This may happen through technical means as when the former Soviet Union electronically jammed communications of essay Radio Free Europe or through the seizure of material at borders. China has created an electronic wall around its internet to say i statement, block access to material from non-approved sources (e.g., among sites blocked are the New York Times and false confession CNN). Until the in a thesis, United States Supreme Court (U.S. 1934) found that James Joyce’ Ulysses was a work of essays art, even though it contained “dirty words”, U.S. customs authorities routinely seized literature deemed inappropriate. Can You. The U.S. Postal Service prohibits the importation and domestic transmission of certain forms of obscene communication. With the describe, 1934 decision we see the seeds of later Supreme Court rulings such as in Miller (1973) which held that work could be prohibited only if taken as a whole it had no redeeming value as art or science, was patently offensive, and was not in keeping with local community standards. The conflict between the say i in a thesis statement, principle of no prior restraint and any modern society’s legitimate need to control some communication has resulted in a variety of false after-the-fact sanctions (e.g., criminal offenses involving espionage, revealing national secrets, obscenity, pornography, and incitement, injunctions to cease publication and administrative sanctions, and civil remedies such as invasion of can you thesis statement privacy, libel, and defamation). In the United States in 2000, in contrast to Britain which has an Official Secrets Act, the essays admission, disclosure of properly classified information (with certain exceptions such as information on the design of nuclear weapons and can you in a the names of a perfect intelligence agents) is not a crime. However disclosing such information can result in losses of security clearance, dismissal and fines. Communication has a special quality unlike most other legally regulated subjects. There is can you say i in a, a paradox and some uncertainty and risk for communicators, particularly those pushing boundaries, in that while most communications can not be legally prohibited before they are offered, once offered legal penalties may apply. The goal here, beyond punishment for the infraction in question, is to in pakistan, warn and deter others in the hope of say i in a statement encouraging self-censorship. On a statistical basis the major form of censorship in western societies is a perfect, self-censorship. Publishers, editors, and producers of mass communications are aware of borders not to be crossed, even though there are many gray areas. Communicators generally stay within the borders, whether to avoid prosecution or law suits, to avoid offending various social groups, to keep the channels of government information open, to please stockholders and advertisers, or out of their sense of patriotism and morality. Press and broadcast organizations (e.g., The National Association of Broadcasters) and the major newspapers and television networks have codes of ethics and voluntary standards. Between a journalist writing a story and its’ appearance there are several levels of review. The large broadcasting companies have internal units that review everything from advertisements to in a, program content before they appear. When Elvis Presley appeared on national television for the first time, only his upper body was shown, given censors’ concern with what was then considered to be his prurient hip shaking. Another prevalent non-governmental means, often undertaken to avoid the threat of writing an reflective essay more stringent government controls, involves voluntary rating systems. Here the goal is not to ban the material but to give consumers fair warning so they can make up their own mind. Can You Say I In A Thesis. In the 1920s the Motion Picture Association of America created a seal of approval for englebert essay in path films meetings its standards. In 1968 it created its rating system (expanded in 2000) for films based on nudity and violent content. Some comic books, tv programs and music videos, video games, music and web sites are also rated. This may be welcomed as consumer information or seen as censorship that can chill expression and create an undesirable climate, opening the door to greater control. Technical means of say i in a thesis information control such as the v-chip which permits programming a television set so it will not receive material deemed objectionable and various software filters which screen web cites for essay honor schucking sexual and violent content facilitate private control. Such means are seen as more efficient than a heavy handed government censor and say i statement more consistent with an open, highly heterogeneous society. Those who want such material have access while those who might be offended can avoid exposure. There are degrees of censorship. More common than outright prohibition, particularly in the case of erotic material (which has received increased legal protection in recent decades in the face of local legal prohibitions that appeared in the 19th century), are time, place, manner and a perfect person restrictions –whether required by government or undertaken voluntarily. Say I In A Thesis Statement. Potentially offensive material is segmented and walled off from describe a perfect day essay, those for whom it is say i in a, deemed inappropriate. For example pornographic material may be restricted to red light districts, to adults and to late night programming when minors are presumed not to be watching, children may be prohibited from certain concerts and creative writing classes stores may refuse to sell them violent videos. 2.4 Limitations of Censorship. While government censorship makes a symbolic statement, it is often rather impractical beyond the short run, given the ubiquitous nature and continual improvements in mass communication technologies and the leaky nature of most social systems. Of course computer based technologies may make it easier to track whom an individual communicates with and what material they access. But on balance, technology appears more likely to be on the side of freedom of expression than the side of the censors. The ease of modern communications, in particular remote forms whose transmission can transcend national borders such as the radio, television, fax and say i statement the internet and false essays means of reproduction that are inexpensive and relatively easy to use and say i conceal such as photo-copiers, scanners, audio and video taping and printing through a computer, limit the ability of censors. The internet, if available, has the potential to creative schoolers, make everyone a publisher. Its’ “many to many” communication through labyrinthian networks (chat rooms, bulletin boards and say i in a e-mail) is writing schoolers, far more difficult to censor than the traditional “one to in a thesis statement, many” communication of the newspaper or television station. Given the expanding scale of false confession published material and the diffusion of communications technology that began with the printing press, government and religious bodies are forever trying to catch up. This is the case even in modern highly authoritarian settings. For example in China during the Tiananmen Square protest, fax technology kept China and the world informed of the say i statement, events. In Iran the englebert essay schucking, fall of the Shah was aided by smuggled audio tapes urging his overthrow. Strong encryption which protects messages also makes the censor’s task more difficult. Beyond technical factors, censorship is often accompanied by demand for the censored material. Censoring material may call attention to it and make it more attractive (the forbidden fruit/banned in Boston effect). Black market demand for such material makes it likely that some individuals will take the risk of in a thesis creating and distributing it, whether out of conviction or for profit. Potential communicators often find ways to avoid or deceive censors whether using satire, parable, code language, changing the name of prohibited publications and through simply defying the law, as with the many underground “samizdat” presses that challenged communist rule in Eastern Europe. It is also the case that sometimes, “the truth will out”. Einsteins Englebert Essay In Path Schucking. In a democracy illegitimate political censorship in can you say i thesis statement, the name of National Security or executive privilege is vulnerable to discovery –note Watergate and the Iran-Contra affair. In spite of schoolers its dependence on government sources, the mass media may play an thesis statement, important counter-balancing role here, watching those who seek to describe a perfect, watch. Beyond investigative reporters often using the Freedom of Information Act, such “dirty data” may be revealed by the legal procedure of “discovery” in in a, court cases, by leaks, experiments or tests, whistleblowers and participants with a Dostoyevskyian compulsion to confess and by uncontrollable contingencies such as accidents (e.g., the crash of an airplane carrying Watergate “hush” money). The more complex and describe a perfect day essay important a cover-up or illegal conspiracy, the more vulnerable it is to revelation. Even most legitimately classified government secrets have a shelf life and must be revealed after 75 years. In the say i statement, long run it is also difficult for censors to deny pragmatic outcomes and those which are empirically obvious. This raises the essays for high school, intriguing sociology of knowledge question of the relationship between culture with its significant, but not unlimited, elasticity and a level of reality or truth that, when in conflict with culture, may erode it over time. No matter what the power of the Church to prosecute Galileo for heresy and ban his work, or the can you say i in a statement, amplitude of its’ megaphone to assert the writing essay, earth was flat, it could not suppress the truth for long. Aumente, J. In A. 1999 “The Role and Effects of creative writing for high schoolers Journalism and Samizdat Leading up to 1989” in Aumente J, Gross P, Hiebert R, Johnson O, Mills D (eds.) Eastern European Journalism Before, During and After Communism . Hampton Press, Inc., Cresskill, New Jersey Freedom House Press Survey 2000. Bok, S. 1989 Secrecy on the Ethics of can you say i statement Concealment and Revelation . Vintage books, New York. Cortez, J. 1996 Giving Offense: Essays on Censorship . University of Chicago Press. De Sola, Pool. 1983 Technologies of Freedom . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma. FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 1978. Freedom House 2000 Press Freedom Survey. 2000 Freedom House, Washington DC. Green, J. (ed). 1990 The Encyclopedia of Censorhip . Facts on File, New York. Goffman, E. An Essay On Terrorism In Pakistan. 1969 Strategic Interaction . University of Pennsylania Press, Philadelphia. Hein, M. 1993 Sex, Sin, and Blasphemy . Free Press, New York. Herman, E. and Chomsky, N. In A Statement. 1988 Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media . Pantheon, New York. Itzin, C. 1993 Pornography: Women, Violence and Civil Liberties . Oxford University Press, New York. Karen Finley et al. v. False. National Endowment for the Arts and say i in a thesis John Frohnmayer (1992) Laqueur, W. 1985 A World of Secrets . Basic Books, New York. Marx, G. T. 1984 “Notes on the Collection and Assessment of Hidden and Dirty Data.” in J. Schneider and creative schoolers J. Kitsuse (eds.) Studies in the Sociology of the Social Problem . Ablex, New York. Miller v. California 1973. Moynihan, D. 1998 Secrecy: the can you say i in a thesis, American Experience . Confession Essays. Yale University Press, New Haven. National Academy of Sciences. New York Times Co. v. Can You Say I In A Statement. United States 1971. Popper, K. Describe. 1962 The Open Society and its Enemies . In A Thesis. Routeledge & Paul, London. United States v. O’Brien 1968. Segal, L. and writing essay McIntosh, M. Say I In A. (eds.) 1993 Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate . Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. Schenck v. An Reflective. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52 (1919). Scheppele, K. 1988 Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law . University of Chicago, Chicago. Shils, E. 1956 The Torment of Secrecy . Can You Say I In A. 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Picture a college student appealing for a higher grade in his professor's office. Say I In A. The student admits to a mixed performance during the semester, but he still doesn't understand why the professor gave him such a low grade. "Can't my worst grades just be dropped, including those zeros on the missed quizzes?" the student asks. "That way, my final grade would represent my best work in the class." "But," the professor counters, "think of the students who worked hard all semester to read, take notes, and describe a perfect study, and who sacrificed time from other important activities to earn good grades. Don't we need to take them into account and be fair to everyone?" The student may agree that he doesn't want to be unfair, but he remains convinced that he deserves a higher grade. Can You Thesis Statement. Depending on the student's persistence and command of available arguments, this chipping away at the instructor's resistance could go on for some time. And now the professor is thinking, Goodness, this really is the student's most committed performance all term. Many who teach experience versions of this conversation regularly and attempt to reason with wheedling students using arguments that rely on a principle of basic fairness. But asking students to respect others' perspectives can be the describe a perfect, wrong approach if they don't understand how to empathize in can you say i in a thesis statement the first place. Imaginatively taking on another person's thoughts and identifying with their emotions are two habits at the core of empathy. In fact, empathy is not a fixed trait like having brown eyes or long fingers. Empathy is instead a delicate cocktail blending assorted elements of inborn aptitude, social conditioning, personal history, and practice and motivation. The ability to empathize is like a muscle capable of growth, atrophy, disability, and einsteins in path schucking even regeneration (think Scrooge). People have different innate capacities for building certain muscles, just as we have different incentives for being empathetic and experiences in honing our skills to empathize. For some people, empathy comes easily and naturally; for others, concerted effort is in a thesis statement, required to stretch our imaginations beyond ourselves. The troubling conclusion of a recent study by a team of social psychologists (including one of describe, us, Sara Konrath) is can you in a thesis, that American college students have been scoring lower and lower on an reflective essay essay a standardized empathy test over the past three decades. In fact, a research paper published in can you in a thesis statement May in Personality and describe Social Psychology Review shows that since 1980 scores have dropped 34 percent on "perspective taking" (the ability to imagine others' points of view) and 48 percent on "empathic concern" (the tendency to feel and respond to others' emotions). The standardized empathy questionnaire included questions like, "I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me," or "I sometimes try to understand my friends better by imagining how things look from their perspective." The apparent decline of empathy among college students has led to open season for speculation about can you say i in a statement, possible causes. The study's findings also amount to a perfect Rorschach test for those who consider empathy a virtue worth cultivating. Those who lean left politically might reflexively focus on a rising tide of libertarian individualism, market fundamentalism, and the celebration of the classes for high schoolers, "virtue of selfishness" by Ayn Rand, Milton Friedman, and their think-tank popularizers. Can You. Those who lean right might blame other forms of individualism, including feminism, social liberalism, and rights-based social movements since the 1960s. But a general concern over the empathy deficit seems to be one thing that people from both political parties share, although they may remain worlds apart when considering the problem's causes and how to confession essays fix it. Educators less keen to blame politics for can you say i thesis statement, the decrease in student empathy might look to changes in essays the college-going population's relationship to work, family, and higher education. Say I In A Statement. For example, many students plan to confession essays attend graduate or professional school, making their college years more of an can you say i thesis statement extended adolescence than an emergence into early adulthood, and pushing forward the traditional markers of on terrorism, that transition—getting married and having children—by several years. Say I In A. Cultural trends also play a role. The popularization of reality TV shows and the narcissistic exhibitionists who star in them; the focus of primary education on essay the problem of low self-esteem rather than low empathy; and the relative decline of face-to-face interaction and emotional communication due to increased online socializing may all contribute to the decline of empathy among college students. The good news: A person's ability to empathize can improve. We know that people can be trained to become more empathetic through a variety of programs and methods, including some for can you say i thesis, college students and their professors. Studies have shown that empathy can increase when students are trained to improve their interpersonal skills or ability to recognize others' emotions. It can also improve after role-playing exercises involving another person's feelings or situation, after observing the misfortunes of false confession essays, others, and after exposure to highly empathetic role models. Educators concerned about declining empathy should think about how to statement include some of essays for high school, these techniques in their classrooms. Besides the can you say i thesis, obvious social benefits, research also links empathy in students with better academic outcomes. Just as empathetic doctors and therapists have patients with better outcomes, empathetic instructors get better results from on terrorism in pakistan their students, even on objective measures such as multiple-choice tests. Those who are most critical of the recent study's findings may be college students, who take them as an older generation's predictable complaints about "kids these days." It's true that such studies deal with averages distilled from can you say i statement very large numbers. Luckily, there are many highly empathetic young people who undertake projects like volunteering for describe, altruistic reasons rather than for can you statement, résumé-padding. Instructors who wish to essays impart lessons about the nature of fairness, and its emotional and in a cognitive roots, must not forget that students are also taking mental notes as we, too, use or set aside our empathy muscles in on terrorism in pakistan our relationships with students. After all, it's hardest to empathize with those who don't reciprocate. If empathy is truly on the decline among college students, then professors who care may be seen as both potential suckers, ripe for in a, manipulation, or as potential sources of emotional connection—sometimes by the very same student. Students should be warned: Empathy doesn't make a person an easy target. Confession. When used with skill, empathy can guide us to balance the needs of ourselves, our students, and our larger social contexts with judicious care. Paul Anderson is an associate professor of American culture and African-American studies. Sara Konrath is an assistant research professor at the Institute for Social Research, and can you say i an adjunct assistant professor of social psychology. Both teach at an essay on terrorism in pakistan the University of Michigan. A newsletter with insight on what works in and around the classroom.

Essay on Water Pollution: Types, Causes, Effects and Control! When the can you say i thesis quality or composition of water changes directly or indirectly as a result of writing essay, man’s activities such that it becomes unfit for any useful purpose is said to be polluted. 1. Point source of pollution: This source of can you in a thesis, pollution can be readily identified because it has a definite source and place, where it enters the water. Example: Municipal industrial discharges pipes. 2. Non-point source of on terrorism, pollution: When a source of pollution cannot be readily identified such as agricultural runoff, acid rain etc., it is statement, called as non-point source of pollution. Causes of Surface Water Pollution : a. Disease causing agents parasitic worms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa that enter water from domestic sewage and untreated human and animal wastes. b. Oxygen depleting wastes: These are organic wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria. The amount of oxygen required to break down a certain amount of organic matter is called BOD. Creative Writing Classes Schoolers! It is an can you say i in a thesis statement indicator of level of pollution. c. Inorganic plant nutrients: There are water soluble nitrates and phosphates. d. Classes For High! Excess pesticides: For control of pest pesticides are used in discriminately. These fall on ground and leach with rain water to canals and rivers. e. Water soluble organic chemicals: These are acids, salts and compounds of toxic metals such as mercury and lead. f. Variety of organic chemicals: includes oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, detergents and many other chemicals. g. The sediments of say i in a, suspended matter: Occur when soil is eroded. h. Water soluble radioactive isotopes: Enter the water courses along with rain water. i. Hot water released by power plants and industries that use large volume of water to cool the plant results in a rise in temp of local water bodies. j. Acid drainage into rivers. A greater threat to human life comes from ground water which is used for drinking and on terrorism, irrigation being polluted. a. Urban runoff of untreated or poorly treated waste water storage and garbage. b. Say I In A Thesis! Industrial waste storage located above or near aquifer. c. Agricultural practices such as application of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, animal feeding operations etc. in rural sector. d. Leaks from underground storage tanks containing gasoline and other hazardous substances. e. Creative! Leachate from land fills. f. Poorly designed and inadequately maintained septic tanks. g. Mining waters. 1. Large amount of human waste in can you say i thesis water increase the number of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and streptococcus species which cause gastro intestinal diseases. Water bore diseases diarrhea, typhoid etc. 2. A Perfect! If more organic matter is added to water the O 2 is can you say i thesis, used up. An Essay On Terrorism In Pakistan! This causes fish and other forms of O 2 dependent aquatic life dies. 3. Eutrophication due to inorganic pollutants: Eutrophication The term “eutrophic” means well-nourished; thus, “eutrophication” refers to can you in a thesis, natural or artificial addition of nutrients to bodies of water and to the effects of the creative writing added nutrients. When the effects are undesirable, eutrophication may be considered a form of say i in a thesis statement, pollution (National Academy of Sciences, 1969). Nixon (1995) defined it as an creative writing classes schoolers increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem. It is the process by which a body of say i in a thesis statement, water acquires a high concentration of false essays, nutrients, especially phosphates and say i, nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and an essay in pakistan, decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of can you, other organisms, such as fish. Similarities include subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia, and severe reductions in water quality, fish and other animal populations may occur. Other species may experience an increase in population that negatively affects other species in the direct ecosystem. Creative Writing Classes For High! In simpler terms it is the bloom of phytoplankton in a water body. It is can you in a thesis, often the result of anthropogenic pollution with nutrients, particularly the admission release of can you say i in a, sewage effluent and agricultural run-off carrying fertilizers into an essay in pakistan, natural waters. However, it also occurs naturally in situations where nutrients accumulate (e.g., depositional environments) or where they flow into systems on an ephemeral basis. Eutrophication generally promotes excessive plant growth and decay, favours simple algae and plankton over other more complicated plants, and can you thesis, causes a severe reduction in water quality. In aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or phytoplankton (e.g., algal blooms) disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a. variety of problems such as a lack of oxygen in an essay on terrorism in pakistan the water, needed for fish and shellfish to survive. The water then becomes cloudy, coloured a shade of green, yellow, brown, or red. Human society is can you say i thesis, impacted as well: eutrophication decreases the resource value of rivers, lakes, and estuaries such that recreation, fishing, hunting, and aesthetic enjoyment are hindered. Health-related problems can occur where eutrophic conditions interfere with drinking water treatment. 4. Classes Schoolers! Bio-magnification due to excess use of pesticides: Bio-magnification, also known as bio-amplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the in a pesticide DDT that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of: a. Persistence (can’t be broken down by environmental processes) b. Food chain energetic. Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to water-insolubility). Essay In Path Schucking! Biological Magnification often refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by say i statement, aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain. Bio-accumulates are substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted. For example, though mercury is only present in einsteins essay honor small amounts in can you in a statement sea water, it is absorbed by algae (generally as methyl mercury. Bioaccumulation and bio-concentration result in buildup in the adipose tissue of successive trophic levels: zooplankton, small nekton, larger fish etc. Anything which eats these fish also consumes the an essay higher level of mercury the fish have accumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish and sharks or birds like osprey and can you say i thesis statement, eagles have higher concentrations of mercury in honor their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. For example, herring contains mercury at approximately 0.01 ppm and shark contains mercury at greater than 1 ppm (EPA 1997). 5. High levels of organic chemicals (acids, salts and toxic metals) can make the water unfit to in a thesis statement, drink, harm fish and other aquatic life, reduce crop yields. 6. Variety of for high, organic chemicals/oil gasoline, plastics detergents are harmful to aquatic life and human life. 7. Sediments (erosion) fish clog the lakes and can you say i in a thesis statement, artificial reservoirs. 8. Radioisotopes cause birth defects, cancer and genetic damage. Hot water cause thermal pollution not only decreases the solubility of O 2 but also changes the essays for high breeding cycles of various aquatic organisms. 9. Hot water because of thermal pollution not only decreases the solubility of O 2 but also changes the breeding cycles of various aquatic organisms. 10. Accidental oil spills cause environmental damage. 11. Minamata disease is can you in a thesis statement, caused due to mercury poisoning of water. 12. Fluorine contamination in drinking water causes Fluorosis, NO 3 contamination causes Blue baby disease (Methaemoglobinaceae) and PO 4 contamination causes bone marrow disease. 13. Arsenic poisoning is the major effect mostly in West Bengal. Arsenicosis or arsenic toxicity develops after 2-5 years exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water. Control Measures of Water Pollution : a. Setting up of effluent and sewage treatment plants to treat waste water can reduce the pollution load in the recipient water. The treated effluent and domestic water can be reused either for gardening or cooling purposes or wherever possible. Sewage treatment either removes the harmful components or converts them into harmless components. b. Integrated nutrient management (INM) and integrated pest management (IPM) practices will reduce the effects caused due to excess pesticides. c. For effective control of water pollution, legal provisions regarding water pollution should be enforced by creative for high schoolers, special administrative machinery comprising of highly qualified and experienced personnel. Treatment of Domestic Sewage : Domestic sewage can be purified even to make it suitable for drinking; however the process is expensive. Usually, treatment of sewage to reduce its organic matter content is adopted. In this treatment, three steps are involved: Step 1: Primary Treatment : In this step the following are affected: (a) Large objects are trapped. (b) Dust, grease, scum are removed. (c) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is statement, removed. (d) Suspended matter is creative writing for high schoolers, made to settle down by passing water through the gut chamber. Step 2: Secondary Treatment : In this step, following are affected: (a) BOD is further reduced. (b) By aeration using a trickling filter, aerobic organisms are grown to decompose pollutants. (c) The water at say i in a statement the end of this step can be used for an essay in pakistan, irrigation and in industries. Step 3: Tertiary Treatment : In this expensive step: (a) Organic chemicals and nutrients are removed. (b) The dissolved organic salts are removed using coagulation or distillation or reverse osmosis. (c) Pathogens are destroyed by disinfection. The water after this treatment is fit for groundwater recharge. After chlorination and proper check, it can be used for drinking. Leave a Reply Click here to say i thesis statement, cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a comment. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: